Abstract

Stunting is a health problem by multiple factors (Mother factor, socio-economic factor). The growth retardation (stunting ) was measure by height for age scale which primarily indicates chronic undernutrition. In 2018, the prevalence of stunting in Riau  province was 35%, which was higher than the national prevalence of 30.8%. This was an quanitative with cross sectional analytic deign. The study was conducted in Puskesmas Harapan Raya Pekanbaru, Riau, Indonesia. The population was all children (4000), sampel was 187 children by systematic random sampling. Research was to analyze independents variable (risk of stunting) to the dependent’s variable (mother’s age, Prity, Mother Parity, Mother’s Height, (Lila) / MUAC (Mid Upper Arm Circumference), Maternal Characteristics (hemoglobin), Tension Mother’s, ANC Visit, Dietary habit, Mother’s child care, Completed immunization, Weight child and Drink for child.) Research results is maternal hemoglobin ​​in pregnancy with a risk category of having a stunting 53.4%, exlusive breastfeeding with a risk category of having a stunting 54.1%, dietary habit  with a risk category of having a stunting 51.3%. Independents variable (Maternal Characteristics (hemoglobin), Exclusive Breastfeeding, Dietary Habis), is a significant association to stunting. The findings from this study will be helpful for programmatic intervention to reduce the stunting.

Introduction

Maternal and child health (MCH) has been globally recognized as one of the key indicators in measuring health system performance.⁽¹⁾ Stunting is linear growth failure due to poor nutrition and infections in the pre- and postnatal periods,⁽²⁾ Stunting is highly prevalent in developing countries and is associated with greater morbidity and mortality.^(3,4) During adolescent human body demands for more nutrients to cope with rapid growth. In case of girls adolescent period nutrition is very much important as they are the future mother. A well-nourished mother after adolescent period can give birth of a health baby. Nutrition during adolescent can improve the nutritional status of the community,⁽⁵⁾ For the optimal nutrition of children under 2 years of age, it is considered important that they be exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months before being given complementary food.⁽⁶⁾ The growth retardation (stunting ) was measure by height for age scale which primarily indicates chronic undernutrition.⁽⁷⁾

The causes of child stunting are complex and reflects long term under nutrition due to many factors including, low quality diet, poor breastfeeding practices, and infections combined with environmental determinants.⁽⁸⁾ The growth retardation (stunting ) was measure by height for age scale which primarily indicates chronic undernutrition. The height-for-age under the 3rd percentile of the National Centre of Health Statistics (NCHS) reference values were classified as stunting.⁽²⁰⁾

In 2018, the prevalence of stunting in Riau province was 35%, which was higher than the national prevalence of 30.8%,⁽¹⁰⁾ this is still a serious health problem in Riau province and national. Among the puskesmas (primary health centers) of Pekanbaru, Puskesmas Harapan raya has the relatively high prevalence of stunting of 42,79% (2018).

Methods

This was an quanitative with cross sectional analytic deign. The study was conducted in Puskesmas Harapan Raya Pekanbaru, Riau, Indonesia. The population was all children (4000), sampel was 187 children by systematic random sampling.

Statistically analyzed use SPSS (version. 15.0) for Windows. Chi-square analysis was utilized to assess the mother factor of stunting for child. The differences were considered to be statistically significant at p < 0.05 level and the odds ratio (OR). Multivariate analysis by means of multiple logistic regression was used to determine the most dominant factors for stunting.

Results

Table 1 shows frequecys of stunting factors was extracted from the data: stunting for child, mother’s age, Prity, Mother Parity, Mother’s Height, (Lila) / MUAC (Mid Upper Arm Circumference), Maternal Characteristics (hemoglobin), Tension Mother’s, ANC Visit, Dietary habit, Mother’s child care, Completed immunization, Weight child and Drink for child.

There are several variables that are homogeneous (one of the categories has a value < 15%), it’s maternal age, Tension Mother’s. Risk variables (one category > 50%) are variables of parity, maternal parity, Maternal Characteristics (hemoglobin), Dietary habit, and drinking for children risk of having stunting toddlers.

Table 2 shows relation’s of independents variable (risk of stunting) to the dependent’s variable (Mother’s Age, Prity, Mother Parity, Mother’s Height, (Lila) / MUAC (Mid Upper Arm Circumference), Maternal Characteristics (hemoglobin), Tension Mother’s, ANC Visit, Dietary habit, Mother’s child care, Completed immunization, Weight child and Drink for child.)

Variable’s that are significantly related to the risk of stunting:

1. Parity factor is significantly related to the risk of stunting (p value = 0.008), it’s parity at risk more at 3.9 having stunting child (C.I 95%, POR = 3.884 (1,495-6,581)).
2. Mother parity factor is significantly related to the risk of stunting (p value = 0.003), it’s parity of mothers at risk 5.7 having stunting child (C.I 95%, POR = 5.661 (2,340-9,284)).
3. Mother's Height factor is significantly related to the risk of stunting (p value = 0.028), it’s Mother height at risk 4.8 more stunting children (C.I 95%, POR = 4,829 (1,463-7,485)).
4. (Lila) / MUAC (Mid Upper Arm Circumference) is significantly related to the risk of stunting (p value = 0.014), it’s (Lila) / MUAC (Mid Upper Arm Circumference) at risk 4.1 more having stuntng child (C.I 95%. POR = 4.093 (1,614-8.945))
5. Maternal Characteristics (hemoglobin) is significantly related to the risk of stunting (p value = 0,005), it’s Maternal Characteristics (hemoglobin) at Risk 5.9 more having stunting child (C.I 95%, POR = 5.899 (1.496-9.629)).
6. ANC Visit is significantly related to the risk of stunting (p value = 0.016), it’s ANC Visit at risk 3.1 more having stunting child (C.I 95%, POR = 3.131 (1.633-7.022)).
7. Dietary habit is significantly related to the risk of stunting (p value = 0.035), it’s Dietary habit at risk 6.1 more having stunting child (C.I 95%, POR = 6.116 (1.620-10.007)).
8. Exclusive breastfeeding is significantly related to the risk of stunting (p value = 0.001), it’s Exclusive breastfeeding at risk 7.9 more having stunting child (C.I 95%, POR = 7.896 (1.498-9.613))

Table 3 shows Multivariate Analysis that describles the variables that most of stunting.

The final of multivariate analysis:

1. Maternal Characteristics (Hemoglobin), Dietary Habit and exclusive breastfeeding are independent variables that are significantly related to the risk of stunting.
2. Confounding variable on the risk of stunting, that is the distance of parity and maternal parity. Obtained changes in POR (Prevalence Oods Ratio) > 10%, it’s means that parity and maternal parity are confounding variables.
3. The multivariate model that was formed was feasible to use, the significance of the model was significant (p-value Omnimbus Test 0,000 <0.001).
4. Nagelkerke R Square value = 0.283, it’s means that of the 14 independent variables of power to influence the dependent variable (the risk of having a stunting toddler) the strength value of 28.3% is explained by other variables.

The primary focus of this study was to investigate maternal Hemoglobin of childhood stunting. Maternal characteristics was extracted from the data: mother’s age, number of children , maternal parity and height of the mother. Research results is maternal hemoglobin ​​in pregnancy with a risk category of having a stunting 53.4%. Several fatty acid (FA) supplementation trials in Ghana reported increases in hemoglobin (Hb) levels of pregnant women and may support growth spurts in children.⁽¹¹⁾

Research results is exlusive breastfeeding with a risk category of having a stunting 54.1%. Initiation to breastfeeding as a form of maternal care and the best giving of nutrients early in life that can reduce the risk of stunting.⁽¹²⁾ Breast milk was a nutritional intake that was suitable to the needs that would help the growth and development of children.⁽¹³⁾ Despite growing evidence in support of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) among infants in the first 6 months of birth, the debate over the optimal duration of EBF continues.⁽¹⁴⁾ The immunological properties of breast milk contribute to ensuring adequate nutritional status, proper growth and develop morbidity prevention capacity in child body.^(15,16) However, impact of duration of breastfeeding on the linear growth of the child is debatable as both negative and positive associations between breastfeeding and linear growth in infants and children had been observed. A study of survey data from nineteen demographic health surveys has shown that there were nutritional differences among children depending on whether they were breastfed or not and that breastfed children were lighter and shorter than weaned children and these differences were apparent between 12- 18 months of age.⁽⁸⁾ The magnitude of the protective effect wanes with age: highest in the first 3–6 months and diminishing thereafter when complementary foods are introduced in addition to breast milk, but continuing into the second year of life.⁽¹⁷⁾ There are some polemics the goodness of substitute breastfeeding.

Research of Aminath Adeela, Dr. Kay Seur (2018) The rate of stunting was highest among children who had been breastfed for more than 24 months. Children who were not given tinned/powdered milk were more likely to be stunted than those children who were.⁽⁸⁾ Breastfeeding promotion is regarded as one of the most effective interventions to improve child health, and could reduce under-5-mortality by 8 % globally.⁽¹⁸⁾

Research results is dietary habit with a risk category of having a stunting 51.3%. The final logistic regression model for children aged 6 to 23 months includes variables measuring fetal health and growth, child nutritional status, and child health status but does not include dietary intake or feeding variables.⁽¹⁹⁾ The low adequacy level for energy was more frequent in children with stunting than in normal children.⁽²⁰⁾

Conclusion

In conclusion, this research has successfuly to be analyze stunting factors in Puskesmas Harapan Raya Pekanbaru, Riau, Indonesia. Independents variable (Maternal Characteristics (hemoglobin), Exclusive Breastfeeding, dietary Habis), is a significant association to stunting. The findings from this study will be helpful for programmatic intervention to reduce the stunting.

References

1. Nisachol Cetthakrikul , Chompoonut Topothai, Rapeepong Suphanchaimat, Kanjana Tisayaticom, Supon Limwattananon and Viroj Tangcharoensathien (2018). Childhood stunting in Thailand: when prolonged breastfeeding interacts with household poverty. Cetthakrikul et al. BMC Pediatrics (2018) 18:395 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-018-1375-5: 1-9.
2. Grantham-McGregor S, Cheung YB, Cueto S, Glewwe P, Richter L, Strupp B, International Child Development Steering Group. Developmental potential in the first 5 years for children in developing countries. Lancet 2007;369:60–70.
3. Pelletier DL, Frongillo EA. Changes in child survival are strongly associated with changes in malnutrition in developing countries. J Nutr 2003;133:107–19.
4. Richard D. Semba, Regina Moench-Pfanner, Kai Sun, Saskia de Pee, Nasima Akhter, Jee Hyun Rah, Ashley A. Campbell, Jane Badham, Martin W. Bloem, and Klaus Kraemer (2011). Consumption of micronutrient-fortified milk and noodles is associated with lower risk of stunting in preschool-aged
5. Kurz KM, "Adolescent nutritional status in developing countries," Proc Nutr Soc., vol. 55, pp. 321331, 1996
6. J. Kuchenbecker, I. Jordan, A. Reinbott, J. Herrmann, T. Jeremias, G. Kennedy, E. Muehlhoff, B. Mtimuni, M. B. Krawinkel (2015). Exclusive breastfeeding and its effect on growth of Malawian infants: results from a cross-sectional study. Paediatrics and International Child Health 2015 VOL. 35 NO.1: 14-23.
7. Mohammad Azizur Rahman, Rezaul Karim (2014). Prevalence Of Stunting And Thinness Among Adolescents In Rural Area Of Bangladesh. Journal of Asian Scientific Research, 2014, 4(1): 39-46.
8. Aminath Adeela, Dr. Kay Seur (2016). Impact Of Maternal Socio-Economic Determinants On Early Childhood Stunting In Maldives: An Analysis Of Maldives Demographic Health Survey 2009. International Journal Of Scientific & Technology Research Volume 5, Issue 06, June 2016: 190-200
9. WHO, Measuring change in nutritional status. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1983. children in Indonesia. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, vol. 32, no. 4 The United Nations University: 347-35
10. Kemenkes RI. 2018. Riset Kesehatan Dasar; RISKESDAS. Jakarta: Balitbang Kemenkes RI
11. Mary Adjepong, C. Austin Pickens, Raghav Jain, William S. Harris, Reginald A. Annan, Jenifer I. Fenton (2018). Association of whole blood n-6 fatty acids with stunting in 2-to-6-year-old Northern Ghanaian children: A cross-sectional study. March 1, 2018: 1-15.
12. Muldiasman, Kusharisupeni and Endang Laksminingsih (2018). Can early initiation to breastfeeding prevent stunting in 6–59 months old children?. Journal of Health Research Vol. 32 No. 5, 2018 : 334-341.
13. Ayu Rosita Dewi, Yulia Lanti Retno Dewi, Bhisma Murti (2019). Life Course Factors Associated with Stunting in Children Aged 2-5 Years: A Path Analysis. Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2019), 4(5): 358-367.
14. Md. Nuruzzaman Khan, M. Mofizul Islam (2017). Effect of exclusive breastfeeding on selected adverse health and nutritional outcomes: a nationally representative study. Khan and Islam BMC Public Health (2017) DOI 10.1186/s12889-017-4913-4 : 1-7.
15. Field CJ. The immunological components of human milk and their effect on immune development in Infants1, 2. J Nutr. 2005;135 (1):1–14.
16. Lamberti LM, Walker CLF, Noiman A, Victora C, Black RE. Breastfeeding and the risk for diarrhea morbidity and mortality. BMC Public Health. 2011;11(3):1.
17. M Kramer (2003). Commentary: Breastfeeding and child health, growth, and survival. International Journal of Epidemiology 2003;32:96–98 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyg041: 96-97.
18. Lars T. Fadnes, Victoria Nankabirwa, Ingunn M. Engebretsen, Halvor Sommerfelt, Nancy Birungi, Carl Lombard, Sonja Swanevelder, Jan Van den Broeck, Thorkild Tylleskär, James K. Tumwine. Fadnes et al. BMC Public Health (2016) 16:555 DOI 10.1186/s12889-016-3234-3: 1-9.
19. Bradley A. Woodruff, James P. Wirth, Ismael Ngnie-Teta, Jean Max Beaulie `re, Daffe Mamady, Mohamed Ag Ayoya, and Fabian Rohner (2018). Determinants of Stunting, Wasting, and Anemia in Guinean Preschool-Age Children: An Analysis of DHS Data From 1999, 2005, and 2012. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 2018, Vol. 39 (1): 39-53.
20. Hijra, Siti Fatimah-Muis, and Martha Irene Kartasurya (2016). Inappropriate complementary feeding practice increases risk of stunting in children aged 12-24 months. Universa Medicina. Vol.35 – No 3. Sepember – desember 2016: 146-155.