Abstract

Leptospirosis is a naturally occurring infectious disease caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira that infect wild, domestic, and human animals. The disease is characterized by damage to the capillaries, liver, kidneys, muscles, nervous system and fever. Due to the complexity of clinical and laboratory diagnosis of leptospirosis, epidemiological surveillance is somewhat difficult, so it is carried out only by specialists in the epidemiology department of the DSENM in the city (major cities) and regions (Republic). This control is most effective when carried out in conjunction with the veterinary service.

Introduction

Leptospirosis is a group of natural focal non-transmissible zoonoses similar but not identical in pathogenesis, epidemiology and clinical manifestations. Against the background of widespread distribution, on almost all continents of the globe, the highest incidence of people is observed in regions with a humid subtropical and tropical climate. Ecological and climatic changes taking place on our planet, such as increased solar activity, warming of the earth's atmosphere, melting of eternal glaciers, more frequent cases of heavy rains, and other natural disasters cannot but affect the nature of the manifestation of natural focal diseases of humans and animals[1,2]

Droughts have become more frequent (1983, 1984, 1996, 2005, 2010), the level of groundwater and soil salinity in the valleys of the republic are rising. Economic and economic activity also changed in connection with the transition to a market economy, which led to the fragmentation of large livestock farms with a large concentration of animals into small dekhkan farms, and the decades-old routes for transporting animals to pastures changed. New lands are being developed in the valley and mountain zones, new highways, reservoirs are being built, which certainly affect the biogeocytosis and biohydrocenosis of the republic. The study of the influence of these factors on the nature of the manifestation of natural eye diseases, in particular on leptospirosis, was the goal of our research. [4,5]

The problem of animal leptospirosis in various regions of the CIS was and is being dealt with by a significant group of researchers: in the Russian Federation S. Ya. Lyubashenko (1940, 1948, 1950, 1965), Yu. , A. G. Malyavin (1956,1963, 1964), V. I. Terskikh (1940, 1941, 1945), I. A. Bolotsky (1998), E. N. Gorshanova (1971), in Kyrgyzstan: V. F. Sviridenko (1969), in Uzbekistan: N. R. Khudoiberdiev (1952), in Tajikistan M. M. Akhmedov (1965), in Azerbaijan: A. G. Aliev (1958), T. A. Tagi-Zade ( 1971), I. B. Akhmedov (1976), in Kazakhstan: Shatrov A. P. (1971).[7,8]

Main part

Questions of the epizootology of animal leptospirosis began to be studied in Uzbekistan in the 50-60s of the last century. (Khudoiberdiev N.R., 1952). In subsequent years, prior to the start of our research, the issues of leptospirosis in animals and humans were practically not dealt with in Uzbekistan. To develop evidence-based systems, measures for the prevention and control of animal leptospirosis, deep knowledge of the nature, changed natural, climatic and environmental factors, their influence on the patterns of manifestation of the epizootic process in animal leptospirosis, as well as on the etiological structure of the disease, is required.Возбудители лептоспирозов – спирохеты, относящиеся к виду Leptospirainterrogansрода Leptospira, входящего в состав семейства Leptospiraceaeпорядка Spirochaetales.[9,10]

Leptospira is a genus of Gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacteria of the spirochete class. Bacteria of this genus are mobile - they are characterized by translational, oscillatory and rotational movements. They are not stained with aniline dyes, they are visible only in a dark field microscope.

Pathogenic leptospira identified to date are assigned to 25 serogroups, 250 serovars and 20 taxonomic species. Wild and domestic animals of many species can be classified as leptospira carriers. The main hosts (reservoirs) and sources of the infectious agent are rodents (grey voles, mice, rats and others) and insectivores (hedgehogs, shrews), in which the infection is asymptomatic, accompanied by the excretion of leptospira in the urine.

In anthropurgic foci, this role is played by domestic animals - dogs, pigs, cattle, sheep, less often goats, horses and reindeer, as well as caged fur animals - foxes, arctic foxes, coypu. In these mammals, the disease proceeds acutely, subacutely, or in the form of chronic asymptomatic leptospiron carriers; miscarriages (abortions) are possible during "pregnancy".[8]

A person is included in the infectious process by direct contact with the urine of infected animals - leptospira carriers or through contaminated objects of the external environment, mainly through water, soil and plants, sometimes food products. [3,4] The following infection mechanisms have been established: contact and fecal-oral . Feverish diseases, occurring with jaundice and not infrequently becoming widespread, have long attracted the attention of doctors. The nature of these diseases, their sources and ways of distribution remained unknown for a long time. [4]

1886 Weil (Weil) described and singled out in a separate nosological form, separating from other forms of icteric infections, a febrile illness, accompanied by splenomegaly, jaundice and inflammation of the kidneys. In 1888 N.P. Vasiliev, having studied 11 cases of this disease from 1883 to 1888. and after analyzing 37 cases already described by 1888 by foreign authors, provided convincing data for the recognition of this disease as an independent disease and called it "infectious jaundice". According to N.P. Vasiliev, the main symptoms were acute onset, high body temperature, lesions of the central nervous system, liver and kidneys. Abroad, the name "Weil's disease", or icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis, was adopted.

In different parts of the world, leptospirosis had different names that indicated a connection with the season, symptoms, duration, or occupational affiliation. In Japan, diseases named nanukayami (seven-day fever), akiyami (autumn fever), or hasamiyami (autumn fever in Hasami County) have been linked to leptospirosis. Such diseases were often observed among people employed in rice fields in ancient China. In Europe and Australia, this infection was known as cane-cutters' disease, cattle-herder's disease and Schlammfieber (mud, slush, fever), and only later their leptospiral etiology was established.[6,8.11]

In 1914, Japanese scientists Inada and Ido (Inada, Ido) confirmed the assumption of the infectious nature of Vasiliev-Weil's disease by finding the pathogen, which they called Spirochaetaicterohaemorrhagiae [synonyms: Sp. icterogenes, Uhlenhuth and Fromme (Uhlenhuth, Fromme); sp. nodosa, Hübner and Reiter]. Later, Noguchi, according to morphological and biological characters, Sp. icterohaemorrhagiae and spirochetes - saprophytes [Sp. biflexa (Wolbach, Binger), 1913] established for them an independent род – Leptospira (Leptos - thin, Spare - spiral, Noguchi, 1918). According to the WHO definition, leptospirosis is becoming increasingly important, especially in countries with a tropical and subtropical climate, and the territories of the countries of South and Southeast Asia are almost completely endemic. In addition, serious complications of the epidemic situation for leptospirosis are the consequences of natural emergencies.[2] Fatal outcomes of the disease are observed with the development of severe complications (infectious toxic shock, acute renal failure, acute renal and hepatic failure, DIC, ARDS, pulmonary hemorrhage, etc.). It is known that the morphology and tinctorial properties of leptospira have already been well studied both in light and electron microscopy and are sufficiently covered in the specialized literature. There are reports that leptospira do not withstand the competition of other microorganisms, and their antigenic and pathogenic properties increase due to a long stay in the soil (Yu.G. Chernukha [1,11]). It is known that leptospira - saprophytes grow much faster than pathogenic ones on differential nutrient media, and pathogenic leptospira are low-resistant and quickly die under the influence of heat and chemicals, but survive at low temperatures. Thus, it was found that the survival of leptospira in the soil depends on the action of sunlight, chemical pollution, bacterial form, pH of the medium and other factors. In dry soil, they die in 2–2.5 hours, and in moist soil (69–70%) they retain pathogenic properties for up to 279 days. Studying the pathogenic properties of leptospira, researchers noted their ability to rapidly penetrate the membranes of the host organism, which is facilitated by their adhesiveness and the production of plasmacoagulase and fibrinolysin. Leptospira in the host organism produce and secrete toxins, and in particular soluble extracellular hemolysin, which is characterized by thermolability and instability to an acidic environment, the enzyme trypsin. In pathogenic leptospires, hemolysin is more thermolabile, lyses erythrocytes with a low content of phospholipids in sheep and cattle. Endotoxin leptospira has a pyrogenic and skin necrotic effect.[5,8]

Results

The work of many domestic and foreign researchers is devoted to the study of the pathogenic effects of leptospira on the host organism. It has been established that the manifestation of leptospirosis in cattle directly correlates with the immunological consequences of the infectious process. One of the manifest indicators of leptospirosis infection in cattle is a decrease in milk productivity. From the literature data, it follows that leptospira are coactants of the infectious parasitic system, exhibit a certain hostility, and pathogenic effects on the host organism are manifested through adhesive, enzymatic and toxigenic properties, causing significant deviations in the host organism, manifested manifestly or proceeding imperceptibly.[14,]

From the generalization of the world literature on the prevalence and etiological structure of leptospirosis, it is clear that animal leptospirosis is quite widespread on all continents.[7] Least of all infected animals are detected in Europe among pigs, cattle, sheep and goats (3-10%), dogs (14.6%), horses (26%). The highest infection of animals of all species is observed in South America (more than 50%).[12,13]

Conclusion

The etiological structure of leptospirosis by continent has both quantitative and qualitative differences. In this regard, further improvement of diagnostic methods, vaccines against leptospirosis, research and creation of drugs available for wide use is required.[8] In scientific terms, it is necessary to study the biology and ecology of leptospira, the variability of the conditions for adaptation to new hosts in nature, the influence of natural foci of leptospirosis on the epizootic process, to map natural foci and many other studies.

References

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